A Heated Classroom Discussion Affirmative Action Example...

Responding to a Heated Classroom Discussion: Affirmative Action Example The case involves a heated classroom discussion where a teacher, Jeffery Moran opens a discussion on Affirmative Action in the class and the students like Rikki Johnson connected the topic to racism and gender discrimination. Soon the discussion lost its essence and hot moments were created in the class due to radical opinions of the students on the topic. CASE ANALYSIS Question1. What are the situational characteristics relevant to the case? a. Specific context of teaching learning situation Factors affecting Teaching – Strength of the class – 350 Seating arrangement - Lecture hall sloped down steeply from entry doors at top to a stage podium at bottom. Number of lectures duration - 2 lectures per week of 50 minutes duration each Attendance per class - Two third of the strength Factors affecting Learning – State University – located in rural area of Midwestern United States encouraged diversity and civility due to which many white students perceive themselves to be victim of reverse discrimination in the college admission process. Campus Environment – incidents of harassment were observed on campus due to which certain interest groups were formed who criticized the administration for their inadequate response. To protect the students from religious, political ideological discrimination state legislators were in the process of passing the â€Å"Academic Bills of Rights†. b. 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Ballet or Football Free Essays

Ashley Barnes Allie D. Rogers Engl 1010- 431 October 1, 2012 Ballet or Football? Ballet and football are both difficult sports to master; however, someone once said, â€Å"If ballet were any easier, they’d call it football. † What makes for a good sport? Every sport has rules and regulations that one must follow in order to play. We will write a custom essay sample on Ballet or Football or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sport requires specific skills such as strength, coordination, and speed. A good sport has a certain level of safety to keep the participants safe and requires a lot of teamwork so that every is playing together. I personally think ballet is the more technical of the two. Ballet is much more complex than football. Every sport requires you to follow certain guidelines. In football, the player can’t grab the opponent in certain ways or a yellow flag will be thrown on the ground to indicate holding or some penalty that no one has even heard of before. Football has rules that the team must obey. On the other hand, ballet is less restricted than football. They are no rules in ballet. Ballet is a form of art; there are no limitations on art. Ballet is not about winning or following any rules; it is about expression through movement. Although there is more freedom in ballet, there is a lot of technique required. You must hold your arms a certain way so that they do not droop, and you must always remember the turn out of your thigh when you tendu. Ballet may not have rules, but there are still plenty of little details to remember. Strength is a major component of almost any sport. In football, the quarterback relies on two hundred and fifty pound linemen to block so that he can get the ball in the end zone. The defensive linemen have to use their upper body strength to hold the opposing team and keep them from getting to the ball. They use their lower body to stand strong to hold their ground like grabbing a bull by the horns. Ballet requires a totally different kind of strength than football does. Dancers use their upper bodies to hold their arms above their heads in a perfect beach ball shaped fifth position while still keeping their shoulders down for thirty minutes at a time. They use their lower body strength to push out of a plie to a pique turn and have to maintain the core strength, so they do not wobble too much. Football does not require much coordination. It wasn’t a sport that was meant to be pretty. It was meant to be rough and rugged for the manliest of men. While watching the game, half of the time you don’t even know if they meant to fall down or if they just happen to be clumsy enough to fall over their own two feet. It tends to be one big dog pile play after play. In ballet, coordination is everything. Dancers must make sure they are in the exact spot that they are supposed to be at and be in sync with every other dancer on the stage. Pierce Brosnan said, â€Å"Love is a lot like dancing; you just surrender to the music† (Willcutt). Every beat must be a white flag waving and show complete dedication to the music. Dancers have to be coordinated enough to do long elaborate pieces of choreography while still maintaining a smile on their faces. Ballerinas must make every single movement appear effortless. In football, speed is very important when a wide receiver is trying to run the ball down the field. It is his speed that helps him to pass by the other players in lightning speed so fast that they do not even know what hit them. I know what you’re thinking†¦. why would you need speed in ballet? However, not one ballerina would ever dream of doing a slow fouette, a move in which you whip your leg around to spin. It would be a disaster. Fouettes are meant to be fast to get your body around faster to make your pirouettes prettier. Speed and extreme focus is what makes a ballerina capable of turning. Although countless football players get hurt yearly, they have equipment that is specifically designed to keep them from serious injury. Football players risk injury every time they step foot out on that field, but if they fall down, their equipment is there to take the majority of the impact. Safety is important in any sport you play; that is why in football the players wear pads and helmets for protection. However, dancers must maintain a flawless posture to keep from injuring themselves. There is no special equipment for a dancer to use to keep themselves to safe. A dancer must rely on stretching to warm up his or her muscles. Dancers have to take every good care of their ankles and knees because they are constantly at risk of injury. If a dancer twists her ankle on stage during a performance, she doesn’t call in the second string. She sucks it up, puts on a brave face, and keeps on dancing. Teamwork is important in football because if you don’t read your guards, then you are liable to screw the entire play up. The player must know what the play is and what exact role everyone is going to play. The players huddle up before each play to strategize against the other team. They break off and have to rely on their teammates to do what is required of them. Vince Lombardi said, â€Å"People who work together will win, whether it be against complex football defenses, or the problems of modern society† (Family of Vince). When you think of the word team, you don’t exactly picture a group of ballerinas dancing on a shiny hardwood stage. You stereotypically think of the Pittsburg Steelers or some other NFL team. However, in ballet, every dancer is part of a team. You have to be so in tune with one another that as soon as the music begins, everyone begins to dance as if a bunch of puppets moving on strings. If one â€Å"teammate† loses rhythm then the whole performance suffers. Dancers rehearse with their fellow dancers for weeks and weeks to perfect their dance so that it will be flawless. In the end, ballet and football require a great amount of passion and determination. If you do not have the heart, you will not be willing to put in the blood, sweat, and tears that it takes to pursue the sport whole-heartedly. Although football may be a little easier, both sports demand a lot of hard work. Works Cited Family of Vince Lombardi c/o Luminary Group LLC. â€Å"Famous Quotes by Vince Lombardi. † Vince Lombardi. 2010. Web. October 4, 2012. Willcutt, Sara. â€Å"Dance Quotes 3. † Ascending Star Dance- An Internet Dance Magazine. 2007. Web. October 4, 2012. How to cite Ballet or Football, Papers

Economic Policy and the Global Environment-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Incidence of rise in interest rate in US Economy on the Singapore Economy. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on the incidence of rise in interest rate in US economy on the Singapore economy. US economy has kept the interest rate at the zero level over the years to keep unemployment rate at low level. However, zero interest rate discourages savings in the economy the savers get less return for an ultralow level of interest rate. Therefore, people may be interested to invest in stock market rather than banks. With zero interest rate, there is infinitely large demand for loanable fund, whereas supply of loanable funds would be at the declining stage (Jennings 2016). As a result, price of natural resources and environment damage may increase. Therefore, with persistently low interest rate may results in low economic growth that has been experienced by US. US economy maintains zero interest policy through quantitative easing that is by printing new money. Swelling in money supply in the economy raises inflation rate. Hence, the main reason to increase the interest rate in US i s to bring stability. Persistent low interest rate is not effective for world economy. Many developed and emerging economies have set ultra low interest rate to revive economic growth. Economies in the Euro zone such as Denmark, Sweden, Japan and Switzerland have negative interest rate after global economic crisis. Interest rate hike is an indication that the US Federal bank is confident about the potential of the economy and its capability to manage higher borrowing costs. Drop in business may create negative impact on the employment, per capital income and standard of living of Singapore economy. Interest rate hike may create impact on global economy as the investment in the US economy becomes lucrative. As savers are benefitted, capital inflows increases in the economy. Demand for dollar from external economy is likely to rise and dollar may appreciate. As mentioned by Daly (2015), many emerging nations borrow in dollar. Therefore, appreciation of dollar increases the cost of payment against dollar. As a result, debt burden of the emerging countries increase. As dollar becomes expensive, expenditure of Singapore, travellers have to spend more. Moreover, hike in US interest rate will increase the price for mortgage, business loans for Singapore borrowers. The effects are discussed in this report in details. Effect of rise in US interest rate on Singapore economy Federal Reserve of US has raised the short-term interest rate in 2016 after almost 10 years later. As mentioned by Kapur (2015), the rate hike would have three effects on the Singapore economy in the form of property prices, export growth and capital flows. Singapore banks lend each other by through Singapore Interbank Offer rate and Swap Offer rate denominated in US dollar. Whereas, rte for residential mortgages are linked to the SIBOR, commercial property loans are linked with the SOR. Hence, when US interest rate rises, both SIBOR and SOR are likely to increase to affect the property values in Singapore economy (Feng 2016). Moreover, as cost of borrowing rises, demand for residential housing is likely to dwindle. Investment in the housing market may decline due to the higher cost. Domestic economy of Singapore may contract due to lack of demand. Hike in interest rate is a signal of growth of the US economy. Therefore, demand for export from US economy is likely to increase. However, as hike in US interest rate is not much as it was expected. Sluggish US economy may negatively affect the Singapore economy. Singapore exports machinery, electronics and refined petroleum products to the US. US dollar appreciated with the appreciation of the US dollar and therefore, import in this country becomes cheaper compared to export. In the view of Jennings (2016), as Singapore is a major trading partner of the US economy, interest rate hike may increase Singapore export. As interest rate in US is likely to rise, there is a chance of capital outflow from the Singapore economy. Investment in the US market may rise and that in Singapore may decrease due to increase in borrowing cost. Reaction of central bank of Singapore on US interest rate As hike in interest rate is likely to increase in mortgage rate, the homeowners can expect a greater monthly instalment on the housing loan. Singapore interest rate sets by the Central Bank of Singapore are positively correlated with the US interest rate. Hence, the rates on credit card, mortgages, and vehicle loan and banks savings are likely to rise. If Central Bank of Singapore hikes interest rate, savings in the economy is likely to increase. SIBOR is likely to rise. The Monetary Authority of Singapore uses currency exchange rate instead of interest rate control to set the monetary policy (Kapur 2016). The Monetary Authority of Singapore has kept the rate of appreciation of the nominal effective exchange rate of Singapore currency at zero percent. This policy has been taken for medium term price stability in the economy. Main policy consideration of MAS is restraining inflationary pressure. In order to reduce effect of US policy change, MAS has decided to keep exchange rate float ing within an unspecified policy band. Figure 1: Equilibrium under floating exchange rate (Source: Chandran 2017) Figure 1 depicts the equilibrium under floating exchange rate. PY/PM is the relative price of export. Equilibrium exchange rate is e1, where export and import are equal by the amount of 0A1. A1Z1 is the spending on the domestic product. Figure 2: Effect of expansion in export (Source: Chandran 2017) A rise in US interest rate makes appreciation of US dollar and depreciation of Singapore currency. Currency depreciation makes Singapore export cheaper to US economy. As a result, export increases from point A1 to A2. Exchange rate rises to e2. Depreciation makes import costlier and hence, demands for domestic consumption falls to A2Z1. International transaction may not increase the national income of the Singapore economy. Floating exchange rate adjusts equilibrium exchange rate automatically through market forces. Under floating exchange rate, increase in export is greater than that under fixed exchange regime. Figure 3: Equilibrium when export is increasing (Source: Chandran 2017) Under floating exchange rate, export increases and the export curve shifts to X2. As a result, exchange rate increases to e2. As described by Boon (2017), amount of international trade under floating exchange rate is A2, where impact on exchange rate is due to shift in export curve. A2 is less than traded amount A3, under fixed exchange rate. Hence, it can be said that under floating exchange rate monetary policy is contractionary. Although trade volume in short run between US and Singapore is likely to increase, overall effect on trade volume is shrinking. MAS have kept home loans competitive to allow competition in the money market among banks. As cited by Chong Tee (2013), chances of rise in deposit rate are low as compared to loan. Deposit rates are more dependent on liquidity of the commercial banks. Reaction of Singapore government Singapore is one of the fastest growing Asian economies, which is characterised by speedy GDP growth, improvement in home distribution, and improving standard of living. Balancing budget and keeping low tax burden are basic principles of the fiscal policy of Singapore. This policy focuses on the medium and long term objectives. As described by Low (2017), Singapore economy is an open economy and relies on import heavily. Singapore government emphasises on increase in aggregate demand. In order to boost up aggregate demand, the government direct cost cutting measures rather than expansionary fiscal policy through tax cut or increasing spending prescribed by Keynes. Cost cutting measures are adopted through reducing contribution rate of employers to central provident fund. Singapore government runs fully funded social security system. US interest rate hike may decrease the growth rate of the Singapore economy. In order to enhance medium term growth of the economy, the government now emphasises on the cyclical considerations. Government has taken four fiscal policies to bring stability in the economy such as maintaining fiscal discipline, achieving persisting growth, redistribution and reduction in distortion and managing reserve (Woo et al. 2013). Singapore government to boost up aggregate demand at the time of recession provides funds subsidy, transfer payment to the household during crisis and other relief measures. Singapore government highly depends on the market-based mechanism. Therefore, government avoids unnecessary intervention into the market. As cost cut measure is used in the economy, firms need to supply product at a lower cost. This loss-making firm gets incentive or subsidy to make up losses. The objective of the cost cutting policy is to put limit on overconsumption. Therefore, government takes bal ancing fiscal strategy to bring stability in the domestic economy (Bachmann and Bai 2013). Market mechanism reduces market failure in the economy to have both production and allocation efficiency. Government tries to keep budget deficit at low level so that Singapore does not have to rely on external debt for spending. Impact of hike in interest rate in US and the impact on capital flows are less on Singapore economy. Each department of Singapore government receives a block budget for five years and hence their spending become limited. Each ministry can freely choose what to produce, how to produce and how to allocate resources within limited budget. One benefit of restricted budget is that it helps to reduce unproductive spending. However, as argued by Frankel et al. (2013), limit spending for five years may create problem as government may face any unprecedented circumstances in the economy or external monetary shock, where more funds may be required. Overtimes, some departments may need to spend higher for the sake of the economy. However, with restricted budget change in pre decided plan or to manage future challenges becomes difficult. Another important feature of the Singapore government is to accumulation and management of reserves. Reserve of this country serves as contingency funds and the returns from the investment are share between present and future generations. Government is bound to spend only 50% of the net investment income to ensure growth in the national reserve and the entire money is not spent on only current needs (Tang, Liu and Cheung 2013). Hence, Singapore government can use this excess reserve funds to tackle any external economic shock effectively. Recommendation As Singapore government follows five year planning and budget, budget can be prepared bi yearly so that regular needs can be checked. Expansionary fiscal policy can be recommended, as this is effective to deal with the problem of external shock, recession. Hike in US interest rate can attract capital from Singapore economy. In order to restrict capital outflow, monetary authority of Singapore can focus on the interest rate control along with currency policy. Conclusion The report has highlighted the impact of hike in US interest rate on Singapore economy and its policy responses. It has been studied that both fiscal and monetary policy are stable in the economy and government relies on medium and long term policies rather than short term policies. Hence, government remains prepared to manage any external shock. The main reason of US hike in interest rate is to enhance their growth rate by reducing inflationary pressure, creating unemployment. Dollar appreciates with increase in interest rate. Therefore, demand for import in the US economy rises. As Singapore is a major trading partner of US, demand for export in Singapore is likely to increase. However, impact of capital flow is uncertain. Singapore government controls fiscal policy and Monetary Authority of Singapore manages the monetary policy. Monetary policy is controlled in Singapore through currency policy rather than change in interest rate. Government has changed the fixed exchange rate to floating rate to make export, import flexible. Restrictive budget, contingency reserve funds and cost cutting measures are the main characteristics of the Singapore government fiscal policy. Government focuses to boost up aggregate spending by providing subsidy rather than reduction in tax. Fiscal policy in the economy is seemed to be stronger compared to monetary policy References Bachmann, R. and Bai, J.H., 2013. Politico-economic inequality and the comovement of government purchases.Review of Economic Dynamics,16(4), pp.565-580. Boon. R., 2017. Fed rate hike: Expect to pay more monthly on home loans. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/fed-rate-hike-expect-to-pay-more-monthly-on-home-loans. [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Chan, P, S., 2016. US Federal Reserve raises interest rates: what happens next? Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/14/us-federal-reserve-set-raise-interest-rates-happens-next/ [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Chandran, N., 2017. Singapore's central bank leaves monetary policy steady. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/singapore-central-bank-holds-singapore-dollar-policy-band-steady.html [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Chong Tee, O., 2013. An exchange-rate-centred monetary policy system: Singapore's experience. Daly, H., 2015. What is Wrong with a Zero Interest Rate? Available at: https://www.steadystate.org/what-is-wrong-with-a-zero-interest-rate/ Feng, M, Y., 2016. 4 Simple Ways The U.S. Interest Rate Hike Affect Singaporeans. Available at: https://dollarsandsense.sg/4-simple-ways-the-u-s-interest-rate-hike-affect-singaporeans/ [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Frankel, J.A., Vegh, C.A. and Vuletin, G., 2013. On graduation from fiscal procyclicality.Journal of Development Economics,100(1), pp.32-47. Jennings, R., 2016. Three Asian Nations The Fed's Interest Rate Decision Will Affect Most Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2016/09/22/u-s-interest-rate-inaction-will-impact-these-3-asian-countries/#44f6903d5de5 [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Kapur, R., 2016. How the Feds rate policy affects Singapore. Available at: https://zuuonline.sg/investment/market-outlook/feds-rate-policy-affects-singapore/ [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Low, D., 2017. Fiscal management in Singapore. Available at: https://global-is-asian.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Fiscal-Policy.pdf [accessed on 06.12. 2017] Tang, H.C., Liu, P. and Cheung, E.C., 2013. Changing impact of fiscal policy on selected ASEAN countries.Journal of Asian Economics,24, pp.103-116. Woo, J., Bova, M.E., Kinda, M.T. and Zhang, M.Y.S., 2013.Distributional consequences of fiscal consolidation and the role of fiscal policy: What do the data say?(No. 13-195). International Monetary Fund.